1. Apical meristem initiates primary growth.
2. Secondary xylem forms to the inside of the vascular cambium and secondary phloem to the outside.

3. Ray cells move water and nutrients between the secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
4. The cork cambium produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis.

5. In year 2, the vascular cambium adds to the secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium produces cork.
6. As the diameter of the stem increases, the outermost tissues rupture and slough off from the stem.

7. Cork forms the outer bark.
8. The cork cambium and the cork form a layer of periderm.

9. The secondary phloem comprises inner bark .