Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals.

Many animals have organ systems with finely branched or folded surfaces specialized for exchange.

  • Digestive system: the small intestine is lined with fingerlike projections for nutrient absorption.
  • Respiratory system: the spongelike surface of the lung anables gas exchange.
  • Excretory system: a kidney is composed of microscopic tubules that exhange chemicals with blood flowing through tiny capillaries.