Below are a few major topics for this chapter, listed in random order.

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• Nephron filtration. Hint
• Functions of excretory systems. Hint
• Metanephridia. Hint
• Nitrogenous wastes. Hint
• Protonephridia. Hint
• ADH. Hint
• Human excretory system. Hint
• Osmosis. Hint
• Nephron function. Hint
• Malpighian tubules. Hint
• Nephron. Hint
• Aldosterone. Hint
• Countercurrent exchange: salt excreation. Hint

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Note: this is not a complete list of topics from which test questions will be drawn.