osmoregulation_saltwater Salts excreted/uptake via chloride cells in gills (Na follows). Shark tissue high in urea.
osmoregulation_freshwater Would you drink lake water?
malpighian No filtration; reabsorption if of solutes, followed by water - should be NO URINE.
Hemocytes: immune system; insect blood does not carry oxygen (tracheae); open c.s.
excretory_system Kidney Function
nephron_urine REVU: HCO3₃^-=bicarbonate; nutrients=glucose, amino acids.
Medulla is hypertonic; tip of Henle (thin segment) has ion but not water channels, NaCl concentrated.
1. H⁺ and ammonia (NH₃) may be secreted to maintain pH.
4. reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3₃^-) - IN STEP 2 of 44&B?
ADH High salt also causes thirst - drink.
Diuretic=increase urination if kidney disease or alcohol/caffeine (prevent ADH release): dehydration.
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SQ: 1=d  2=D?                                 10=b
AQ: 1=E  2=c? 3=B                             15=B
CQ:      2=a       4=a     6=c  7=d  8=d  9=d 10=b
   11=c 12=D? 13=b

0. Salt uptake in gills: chloride cells actively transport Cl^-; Na⁺ follows.
1. Tardigrades: a decade or more, 8 legs.
2. Hemolymph: bloodlike fluid in hemocoelom open circulatory systems; combines properties of blood and lymph.
3. Urea: converted from ammonia in liver of mammals and most adult amphibians, excreted in kidneys.
4. Uric acid excreted in feces (guano) - not bats
5. Excretory Systems: tubules
6. Urinary bladder: .5 liter; female bladder is smaller, possible pregnancy.
7. Secrete hydrogen ion H⁺: more acidic
8. alcohol, diabetes insipidus: decrease ADH