Chapter 45 Quizzes: Self Activities Chapter Cum. Animations     Words   Appendix    Summary   Art    Art 

Unit 7: Animal Form and Function Hormones and the Endocrine System Review
  1. Hormones are chemical signals secreted into the system to cells. The and systems function together in regulating metabolic functions.
     
     
  2. The hypothalamus and integrate many functions of the vertebrate system.
    • The pituitary ( neurohypophysis ) is an extension of the and release direct-acting hormones such as and hormone (ADH).
       
       
    • The pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by vessels and produces other circulating hormines, some of which are hormones that regulates the activity of other glands, while others such as are and act directly on target cells.
     
     
  3. The thyroid gland produces two -containing hormones, (T3) and (T4), which stimulate metabolism and regulate development and maturation. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by two feedback loops.
     
     
  4. The thyroid gland also produces , which together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the gland regulate calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis.
     
     
  5. The pancreas secretea two hormones from clusters in the islets of to regulate glucose levels.
    • Insulin is produced by cells, and blood glucose levels by promoting the cellular uptake of and reducing breakdown in the liver.
       
       
    • Glucagon is produced by cells and blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of to glucose in the liver.
     
     
  6. The adrenal glands are adjacent to the and comprise 2 types of secretory cells.
    • The adrenal secretes catecholamines called and which mediate term "fight-or-flight" responses to -activated impulses from the system.
       
       
    • The adrenal secretes hormones, including glucocorticoids such as , and mineralocorticoids such as , that promote term responses to stress, regulated by signals.
     
     
  7. The gonads - and produce most of the body's sex hormones, which are derived from cholesterol.
    • The testes synthesize androgens, such as , which stimulate the reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics, and can cause an increase in muscle and bone mass.
       
       
    • The ovaries produce , such as , which stimulate the reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. In mammals, , such as , are involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus for pregnancy.
     
     
  8. The gland, located within the brain, secretes , mainly at night, which may be involved in biorhythm regulation.
     
     
    Review: Human Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Chapter 46 Quizzes: Self Activities Chapter Cum. Animations     Words   Appendix    Summary   Art    Art 

Unit 7: Animal Form and Function Animal Reproduction Review
  1. Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring by the fusion of male and female to form a . In humans, the gametes are produced in .
     
     
  2. In males, the gonads are the and consist of many highly coiled tubules, where form, surrounded by layers of connective tissue.
    • The production of mature sperm, or , is stimulated by and starts with the production of primary from stem cells called .
       
       
    • Each spermatogonium differntiates into a primary which undergoes meiosis to produce secondary and then 4 haploid, equal-sized . The spermatids mature into motile sperm, nourished by cells.
       
       
    • Unlike females, mature males produce sperm rather than in cycles, and is not interrupted at different stages of meiosis. Androgens such as affect the primary and secondary sex characteristics of the male. They are produced in the and are regulated by hypothalamic and hormones.
       
       
      Review: Reproductive System of the Human Male
     
     
  3. In females, the gonads are the which contains many , each onsisting of one cell (ovum) surrounded by one or more layers of cells.
    • Maturation of the ova, or , starts with the production of primary from stem cells called in the ovary.
       
       
    • In each cell division of meiosis, cytokinesis is , with almost all the cytoplasm monopolized by one daughter cell, while the other cell becomes a body.
       
       
    • Starting at puberty, oocytes are released in a cycle that starts with the secretion of Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from the , and and from the anterior . After about cycles, human females undergo , the cessation of ovulation and menstruation.
       
       
      Review: Reproductive System of the Human Female
     
     
  4. Conception occurs in the with the of an egg by a sperm, producing a . Repeated of the zygote results in a which is implantated in the of the uterus.
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