cells_prokaryotic Bacterial wall: peptidoglycan
cell_sizes 1 m=1.09 yards; 1cm=.4 in.
cell_differential-contrast POLARIZED GLASSES
cell_brightfield cheek cell.
cell_confocal Sections like CAT scan w X-rays.
cell_em tracheal cell, sections thru cilia.
surface_volume 06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg used in measure lab
cells_animal Centrosome (upper left) contains 2 centrioles.
nucleus Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments.
ER Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments. RER: secreted proteins, membranes. SER: steroids. Glycogenin makes primer proglycogen -> glycogen synthase in Golgi.
lysosome_phagocytosis Plant vacuoles may contain lysosome enzymes; macrophage ingest pathogens.
microtubule Fibroblasts make collagens; heal wounds easy to culture. Centrosome contains a pair of centrioles.
dynein Revu: dynein, cross-linking proteins.
muscle Myofilament, head:
streaming Myosin motors interact with the actin.
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0. Phase Contrast Microscope: light passing trough transparent part travels slower, increased to 1/2 wavelength by phase-plate.
1. Differential Interference Contrast: polarized beams detect difference in refractive index.
2. SEM: backscattered or secondary electrons, cover with conductive material.
3. Carbohydrate side chains of membrane glycoprotein (Glycosylation): cell-cell recognition, antigen-antibody; on outside of membrane (oxidizing env).
4. Extracellular matrix ECM: connective tissue in mammalian cells; structural proteins: collagen/elastin. Specialized proteins: fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin; Proteoglycans.
5. Junctions: desmosomes in skin, heart: subject to mechanical stress.
6. Tonoplast: membrane surrounds a vacuole.
7. Nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments made of lamin
8. nucleolus: ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes. Ribosome subunits: rRNA and proteins.
9. Smooth ER: lipds, steroids - sex hormones in gonads. Toxins (alcohol): liver, can build tolerance.
10. Peroxisome: enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen to detoxify alcohol, producing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) & converted to wate; Photorespiration.
11. Camillo Golgi 1843.
12. Phagocytosis: Greek phagein = eat + cyte = Greek kytos = anything hollow + Greek osis = act or process
13. Plastids: chromoplasts yellow xantophyll and yellow/red carotinoids, leucoplasts store food molecules (amyloplasts or starch plastids in potato root).
14. Prokaryotic flagellum solid unit, primarily protein flagellin, rigid structure turned by rotatory motor like a propeller, much smaller than eukaryotic.
15. Microfilaments found in microvilli Sol-Gel fluid region sol, thicker region gel.
16. Cytoplasmic streaming: as membrane-bound organelles crawl along the inner cell wall they set the cytoplasm into motion. This streaming allows other organelles and nutrients to flow in the stream.
17. Middle lamella: outermost layer of plant cell wall; plasmodesmata pores through the wall. Secondary cell wall: sclerenchyma, collenchyma, xylem have lignified cellulose.
18. junctions: tight in epithelial (lung), gap in heart (ions -> action potential), desmosome (most common) in skin, strength & resilience.
    systole/diastole contract/relax
19. Motor proteins kinesins and dyneins.
20. In humans, basal body of sperm’s flagellum enters egg and becomes a centriole.
21. Myosin/actin: ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force