nerve Flatworms also have nerve cords.
pharyngeal slits - inner ear.
notochord Nerve cord not shown, next diagram shows spinal cord.
craniate Cranium not in invert. heads! Neural tube -> CNS (nerve cord?)
chondrichthyes Cartilage chondrocytes -> collagen; between bones, rib cage, ear, nose. Paired fins -> tetrapods?
osteichthyes BBC-BluePlanet/3.5_SeasonalSeas/#32:40 herring bait ball hunted to last OR 44:20
lungfish But swim bladders may have evolved from lungs?
lobe-finned Flattened head like croc. PBS-Evolution/2.2_change/#22:50 Acanthostega forelimb with fingers
tetrapods Devonian-Carboniferous 300-400 MYA
amphibia Poison arrow frog.
amniotes Turtles anapsids? Parareptiles early, extinct; 2 Tuatara species NZ islands extirpated by rats.
amniotic allantois also exchanges gases.
birds BBC-Galapagos/#40:20 Waved Albatross mating ritual
CHICKEN furcula=fused clavicles. Ratite: Ostrich, Kiwi, S. American rheas.
snake Males use spurs for courtship and fighting.
turtle Vertebrae and ribs fused to the carapace; shoulders within ribcage.
mammalia Expand this.
monotreme Short-beaked echidna.
marsupial BBC-LifeOfMammals/1.1_AWinningDesign/#7:25 Echidna 11:00 Platypus 21:00 Kangaroo joey
monkeys NW: squirrel monkey, capuchin. OW: mandrill, baboon, rhesus.
bipedal Not truly bipedal like drawing!
art NSN_SeaLions.mp4 2:00 sound, 3:00 "open", 4:30 tests (operant) NOVA
Ochre=earth pigment: iron oxide; Blombos Cave.
homo_habilis Brain 700-900cc, vs. 400 Australopithecus; 1200 human; rudolfensis contemporary w habilis.
===

0. dorsal (top)/ventral (bottom)
1. pharynx: upper section of alimentary canal from mouth. nasal cavities to larynx.
2. Some tunicate shoot water through excurrent siphon when attacked: “sea squirts".
3. Coccyx 3-5 vertebrae.
4. Cloacal membrane separates endoderm from ectoderm. Mesenchyme wedge (uro-rectal septum) migrates caudally to divide the cloaca into dorsal uro-genital system and ventral ano-rectal system.
5. Genital tubercle -> phallus (penis, clitoris).
6. Cartilage connective tissue composed of chondrocytes, dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, no blood vessels, not mineralized, more flexible/resilient than bone: in rib cage, ear, nose, throat, between intervertebral disks.
7. Hagfish horizontally moving structures with toothlike projections, enter living and dead fish, feed on insides. Form knot and slide towards mouth, pull mouth off, scrape slime off.
8. Lorenzini detect electric and magnetic fields from muscle contractions (in sand), navigation. Protective Oceanic Device uses electricity to repel sharks.
   Color vision better than cats.
   Pit organ: gustation (taste). No swim bladder: oily liver aids buoyancy, must swim constantly or sink. No gill covers: water must continually flow. Cannot stop or swom backward.
9. Most sharks ovoviviparous: hatch in uterus, some oviparous, viviparous - nutrients through placenta (from yolk sac, not amnion and chorion).
10. Some rays like Southern Atlantic Stingray tail with venomous spines + barbs. Like most sharks (except sandy dogfish?): give birth to live young.
    Ampullae of Lorenzini detect crustacea and mollusca; cannot see prey.
    Manta Ray cephalic lobes push plankton into mouth, reduce drag, teeth for courtship and mating.
    Manta Ray no spine, Remoras like sharks.
11. Dipnoi lungfish modified swim bladder: gas gland excretes lactic acid; hemoglobin loses oxygen, which diffuse into bladder.
    Periophthalmus (mudskipper) goby structural modifications in skin and gill chambers.
12. Bird scales: scutes (similar to crocodilian), scutellae, reticulae (identical to crocodilian).
13. Diapsids: lepidosaurs (lizards, snakes), archosaurs (crocodilians, pterosaurs dinosaurs)
    Squamata: snakes (from lizards - most diverse reptile other than birds)
14. Eastern Box Turtle: shoulders and pelvic bones within ribcage.
15. Niche: particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism.