Chapter 43: The Immune System

integumentary Lysozyme in saliva, mucous, tears protects conjunctiva.
wbc Eosin=acidic dye; basophilic dye of granules; Lymphocytes also in acquied immunity.
lymphatic Only 85% of blood return to capillaries. Lymph moved by smooth muscle; also trap in adenoids, tonsils, spleen, appendix.
Microbes in blood trapped in spleen.
acquired Humor=fluid such as blood or lymph; humerus Latin humerus=upper arm.
epitopes Epi=on, upon,, over, top
mhc Antigen fragments are peptides. Class I MHC molecules are made by most nucleated cells; will be killed by cytotoxic T cells. Class II are made by macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
clonal_selection Primary immune response.
antigen_disposal Video: Opsonization divided into agglutination and precipitation.
Ig IgM and IgA antibodies contain a J chain that holds the monomers together. IgA, lysozyme passed in breast milk.
helper_t The infected cell is dendritic. Cytokines stimulate helper T proliferation.
bloodABO type O: no antigens on packed cells.
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Immune Responses: up to step 3 
SQ: 1=e  2=D?      4=c  5=B?     9=E? 10=B?
AQ: 1=e  2=c  3=E       8=a      15=b
CQ: 1=c  2=a  3=a  4=b  5=d      34=B? 35=c? 36=A?
  1. lysozyme: eyes, respiratory tract
  2. Appendix connected to the cecum -> colon.
  3. Natural Killer Cell: lymphocytes (WBC) with no memory
  4. MHC molecules: self/foreign
    • Class I MHC display peptide antigens (produced inside cell) to cytotoxic T cells
    • Class II MHC display antigens ( fragmented through phagocytosis) from B (macrophages, dendritic) cells to helper T cells.
  5. Helper T cell activated by contact with B dendritic in primary response
  6. T Cell Receptors in molecular recognition: A Helper T cell meets and recognizes an antigen-bearing B cell.
    1. differential interference contrast:
    2. intracellular calcium levels (color-coded blue up to red) influx,
    3. distribution (along cell surface) of T cell receptor molecule (green-red scale),
    4. "cap" complex at the interface of the T cell and the B cell.
    The key molecules are finally "corralled" into the center of the interface between the two cells.
  7. Phagocytes: monocytes,/macrophagesm, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells
  8. Complement system; 30 proteins attack microbes by lysis
  9. Mast cells in connective tissues, release histamine. Activated macrophages discharge prostaglandins.
  10. Chemokines: small proteins direct the migration of phagocytes, secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells.
  11. Vaccine: active immunity - primary, immediate + memory cells; passive=short-term antibodies