Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

swallowtail Anise swallowtail: California.
metamorphosis Remove Corpus allatum: small adult.
endocrine Pancreas: insulin, glucagon; Liver: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1
feedback Homeostasis: glucose, calcium, temperature (thyroid).
hypothalamus Hypo: low, under, below.
neurohormone Oxytocin also uterine contraction; neurotransmitter in brain: orgasm, bonding, trust, maternal behaviors.
adenohypophysis tropic: regulates endocrine cells/glands
thyroid Thyroxine T4 converted to more active T3 in cells; increase metabolism; maturation.
homeostasis-calcium Hi calcium: calcitonin from thyroid -> deposit in bone; low: muscle cramps (K, Na).
Inactive Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight.
Ca2+ reabsorption not discussed in kidney.
homeostasis-glucose Type I diabetes mellitus: autoimmune destroys beta cells.
adrenal_cortex Cortisone is inactive precursor:, injected to inflamed tissue (immune response).
male APPLE, PEAR shape; testosterone also ovaries, adrenal glands; can be converted to estrogen.
melatonin Melatonin decreases suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN in brain; circadian cycle; seasonal coat and sex. Can increase REM sleep.
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SQ:  1=C                                  7=c  b=B?  9=c
AQ:  1=D? 2=E?
    11=c 12=c 13=A? 13=d 14=d 15=c
  1. Metamorphosis Ecdysone (a steroid); juvenile hormone allows moults, prevents developing adult characteristics.
  2. Endocrine: ductless glands; hormones circulate via blood.
    Exocrine: duct; salivary, sweat, sebaceous
  3. Tropic hormone=brain hormone, regulate endocrine glands.
  4. Synthetic cortisol=hydrocortisone: suppress immune system; allergies and inflammation.
  5. Adrenal cortex also secretes small amounts of sex hormones.
  6. XXY=Klinefelter's, X inactivated
  7. Endorphin inhibits sensation of pain.
  8. GH -> liver release growth factors; also raises blood glucose, opposing the effects of insulin.
  9. Thyroid gland 2 lobes on ventral surface of trachea: Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease.
  10. Thyroid: T4 converted to T3 in liver, kidney, spleen; more active.
  11. Calcitonin stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys, lowering blood Ca2+ levels.
  12. PTH opposite effects, also activate vitamin D, promotes intestinal uptake of Ca2+ from food.
  13. Insulin inhibits conversion of amino acids and glycerol (from fats) to glucose.
  14. Diabetes Mellitus (I): autoimmune destroys beta cells; fat becomes main substrate for cellular respiration.
  15. Viagra inhibits enzyme that slows muscle-relaxing (vasodilation) of NO (the enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of second messenger cGMP to GMP).
  16. Melatonin: secreted at night - circadian/seasonal rhythm and photoperiod for sexual reproduction