Chapter 41 Quizzes: Self Activities Chapter Cum. Animations     Words   Appendix    Summary   Art    Art 

Unit 7: Animal Form and Function Animal Nutrition Review
  1. Animal metabolism is the chemical oxidation of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. The mammalian digestive consists of the canal and various accessory that secrete digestive juices through .
     
     
  2. In the cavity, food is lubricated and digestion begins when salivary initiates the breakdown of such as starch. Food is then conducted from the down to the stomach by the reflex and esophageal , rhythmic waves of contraction of muscles in the wall.
     
     
  3. The stomach secretes juice made up of acid (HCL) and the enzyme , starting the protein digestion process and converting food to acid .
     
     
  4. The longest section of the alimentary canal is the intestine, which is the major organ of and , moving the food toward the anus by .
     
     
  5. The first portion of the small intestine is the , where acid mixes with digestive juices from the , , , and intestine itself.
     
     
  6. The pancreas produces to digest fats, and also produces that are activated in the duodenum to digest proteins. The liver produces salts, which are stored in the gallbladder and act as that aid in the digestion of fats.
     
     
  7. The small intestine is lined with numerous and microvilli along its , providing a huge area to facilitate nutrient .
     
     
  8. The intestine, or , recovers , and concentrates wastes into solid , which pass through the and exit via the . The colon houses different strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli, some of which produce various .
     
     
    Review: Digestive System Function
Chapter 42 Quizzes: Self Activities Chapter Cum. Animations     Words   Appendix    Summary   Art    Art 

Unit 7: Animal Form and Function Circulation and Gas Exchange Review
     
     
  1. Vertebrates have a closed, system consisting of blood and a for gas exchange with the environment. carry blood to , sites of exchange between the blood and fluid. return blood from capillaries to the
     
     
  2. Fishes have a heart with main chambers; blood is pumped from the to the , where it picks up O2 and disposes of CO2.
     
     
  3. Amphibians have a chambered heart, with two and one . The ventricle pumps blood into a forked , then into the circuit and the circuit, completing a circulation.
     
     
  4. Reptiles (Except Birds) also have circulation, with a circuit (lungs) and a circuit. Turtles, snakes, and lizards have a -chambered heart, while the crocodilians have a -chambered heart. and birds,
     
     
  5. Mammals have a -chambered heart. The side of the heart pumps and receives oxygen-rich blood in a circuit, while the side receives and pumps oxygen-poor blood in a circuit, allowing for an way of life.
     
     
  6. Mammalian double circulation is regulated by in the the heart that direct one-way flow of blood.
    • The right pumps blood to the , where it loads O2 and unloads CO2
       
       
    • Oxygen-rich blood enters the heart at the left and is pumped to body tissues by the left .
       
       
    • Blood returns to the heart through the right
     
     
    Review: Mammalian Cardiovascular System Structure
     
     
  7. The heart contracts and relaxes in a cycle. The contraction, or pumping, phase is called ; the relaxation, or filling, phase is called . Blood is generated in both phases.
     
     
  8. The (SA) node, or pacemaker, sets the timing of contraction of all cardiac muscle cells. Signals from the SA node travel to the (AV) node, where the signals are delayed before passing on to branches and fibers that make the ventricles contract.
     
     
  9. The mammalian respiratory system consists of a system of branching . Air inhaled through the passes through the into the , bronchi, bronchioles, and dead-end in , where gas exchange occurs.
     
     
  10. Hemoglobin is a respiratory contained in (RBC). It transports oxygen from the lungs and CO2 to the lungs.
     
     
    Review: The Human Respiratory System
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